Keynote 2: Deborah Hellman

Deborah Hellman of UVA Law starts the day off with a keynote on justice and fairness. She opens with a quote from Sidney Morgenbesser about what is unfair and what is unjust, asking if fairness is about treating everyone the same. She follows with a quote from Anatole France — “In its majestic equality, the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread.” In practice, policies that formally treat everyone the same affect people in different ways.

Hypothesis 1: Treat like cases alike.
This hypothesis relies on choosing a proxy by which to classify people and decide how to treat them differently. That is, if treating everyone the same is unfair because of the situations they’re in lead to different outcomes, classify them into different cases based on their situations, and treat each case separately. This hypothesis seems to fall apart based on how the classifications are made and the intentions of those classifications in search of certain outcomes. This leads to the next hypothesis…

Hypothesis 2: It’s the thought that counts.
These traits are usually adopted for bad reasons. The classifications are made to impose differing treatments with moral decisions that are misguided or unjust. For example, an employer may avoid hiring women between the ages of 25 and 40 to avoid having to pay women who may have children to take care of. The goal is not to avoid employing women, but to increase productivity. The intent behind the classification is itself misguided or flawed.

Hypothesis 3: “Anti-Classification”
The use of classifications, in particular classifications based on certain traits e.g. race, gender, can lead to unintended effects and denigration.

Hypothesis 4: Bad Effects
Certain classifications themselves can compound injustice — for example, charging higher life insurance rates to battered women.

Hypothesis 5: Expressing Denigration
For example, saying “All teengaers must sit in the back of the bus” vs. “All blacks must sit in the back of the bus” express different ideas. Regardless of the intention, there is denigration inherent in the classification. She cites Justice Harlan’s dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson.

Indirect Discrimination and the Duty to Avoid Compounding Injustice
The Empty Idea of Equality
Even Imperfect Algorithms Can Improve the Criminal Justice System

Discussion: Cynthia Dwork

Session 3: Fairness in Computer Vision and NLP

Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification (data)

Joy Buolamwini gives a talk on her now infamous paper on the poor performance of facial analysis technologies on non-white, non-male faces. She uses a more diverse dataset to benchmark various APIs. After reporting the poor performance to various companies, some actually improved their models to account for the underrepresented classes.

See also:
The Perpetual Line-Up

Analyze, Detect and Remove Gender Stereotyping from Bollywood Movies

Taneea Agrawaal presents her analysis of gender stereotyping in Bollywood movies. The analysis was done with a database of Bollywood movies going back intio the 1940s, along with movie trailers from the last decade and a few released movie scripts. Syntax analysis is done to extract verbs related to males and females to study the actions associated with each. She argues that the stories told and representations expressed in movies affect society’s perception of itself and subsequent actions. For example, Eat Pray Love caused an increase in solo female travel, and Brave and Hunger Games caused a sharp increase in female participation in archery.

See also:
The Next Bechdel Test (code)

Mixed Messages? The Limits of Automated Social Media Content Analysis

Natasha Duarte presents a talk focused on how NLP is being used to detect and flag content online for surveillance and law enforcement (for example, to detect and remove terrorist content from the internet). She argues that NLP tools are limited because they must be trained on domain-specific datasets to be effective in particular domains, and governments generally use pre-packaged solutions which are not designed for these domains. Manual human effort and language and context-specific work is necessary for any successful NLP system.

Session 4: Fair Classification

The cost of fairness in binary classification

Bob Williamson presents his research which frames adding fairness to binary classification as imposing a constraint. There must be a cost to this constraint, and Williamson presents a mathematical approach to measuring that cost.

Decoupled Classifiers for Group-Fair and Efficient Machine Learning

Nicole Immorlica shows that “training a separate classifier for each group (1) outperforms the optimal single classifier in both accuracy and fairness metrics, (2) and can be done in a black-box manner, thus leveraging existing code bases.” With the caveat that it “requires monotonic loss and access to sensitive attributes at classification time.”

A case study of algorithm-assisted decision making in child maltreatment hotline screening decisions

Alexandra Chouldechova presents a case study in which a model was used to distill information about CPS cases to create risk scores to aid call center workers in case routing. She discusses some of the pitfalls of the model, and how improvements were made to address them along the way. She ends by emphasizing that this model is just one small black box which acts as one signal among many in a larger system of processes and decision-making.

See also:

• NY Times coverage.
• Full report including ethical analysis by Tim Dare and Eileen Gambrill

Fairness in Machine Learning: Lessons from Political Philosophy

Reuben Binns takes a mix of philosophy and computer science to nudge the debate around ML fairness from “textbook”/legal definitions of fairness to one that goes back to more philosophical roots. It follows a trend at the conference of focusing on the context in which models are used, the moral goals and decisions of the models, and a re-analysis of concepts of fairness that the rest of the field may consider standard.

Session 5: FAT Recommenders, Etc.

Runaway Feedback Loops in Predictive Policing (code)

Carlos Scheidegger discusses a mathematical method, Polya Urns, that he’s used to discover feedback loops in PredPol. Such systems are based on a definition of fairness which states that areas with more crime should receive a higher allocation of police resources. He discusses the flaws of such methods and suggests some strategies to avoid these feedback loops.

All The Cool Kids, How Do They Fit In?: Popularity and Demographic Biases in Recommender Evaluation and Effectiveness (code)

Michael Ekstrand asks: Who receives what benefits in our recommender systems?

Recommendation Independence (code)

Toshihiro Kamishima

Balanced Neighborhoods for Multi-sided Fairness in Recommendation

Robin Burke

This weekend, I am at the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT*) at NYU. This conference has been around for a few years in various forms — previously as a workshop at larger ML conferences — but has really grown into its own force, attracting researchers and practitioners from computer science, the social sciences, and law/policy fields. I will do my best to document the most interesting bits and pieces from each session below.

Keynote 1: Latanya Sweeney

Sweeney has an amazing tech+policy background in this field — the work she did on de-anonymization of “anonymized” data lead to the creation of HIPAA. She has also done interesting work on Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery (article). She argues that technology in a sense dictates the laws we live by. Her work has centered around specific case studies that point out the algorithmic flaws of technologies that seem normal and benign in our daily lives. Technical approaches include an “Exclusivity Index”, which takes a probabalistic approach to defining behavior that is anomalous in particular sub-groups. Two noted examples of unintended consequences of algorithms are discriminatory pricing algorithms in Airbnb and the leaking of location data through Facebook Messenger.

In the subsequent discussion with Jason Schultz, the focus is on laws and regulation. She states that there are 2000+ US privacy laws, but because they are so fragmented, they are rendered completely ineffective in comparison to blanket EU privacy laws. The case is made that EU laws have teeth, and in practice may raise the data privacy bar for users all over the world. She also stresses the need for work across groups, including technologists, advocacy groups, and policy makers. She presents a bleak view of the current landscape, but also presents reasons to be optimistic.

Session 1: Online Discrimination and Privacy

Potential for Discrimination in Online Targeted Advertising

Till Speicher presents a paper on the feasibility of various methods of using Facebook for discriminatory advertising. There are three methods presented:

• Attribute-based targeting, which lets advertisers select certain traits of an audience they wish to target. These attributes can be official ones tracked by Facebook (~1100), or “free-form” attributes such as a user’s Likes.
• PII-based targeting, which relies on public data such as voter records. Speicher takes NC voter records and is able to filter out certain groups by race, then re-upload the filtered voter data to create an audience.
• “Look-alike” targeting, which takes an audience created from either of the above methods and scales it automatically — discrimination scaling as a service!
  These methods make it clear how Facebook’s ad platform could be used to target and manipulate large groups of people. Speicher suggests that the the best methods to mitigate such efforts may be based on the outcome of targeting (i.e. focusing on who is targeted, rather than how).

Discrimination in Online Personalization: A Multidisciplinary Inquiry

Amit Datta and Jael Makagon present this study on how advertising can be used for discriminatory advertising (e.g. to target a specific gender for a job adversiting). See past work here: Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Settings: A Tale of Opacity, Choice, and Discrimination. Jael has a law background, and walks the audience through different anti-discrimination laws and which parties may be held responsible in different scenarios. He describes a mess of laws that don’t quite apply to any party in the discrimination scenarios. Amit describes cases where advertisers can play active rather than passive roles in discriminatory advertising, and Jael describes the legal implications that can result from that.

They ultimately call out a “mismatch between responsibility and capability” in the advertising world, and they propose policy and technology-based changes that may be effective in preventing such discrimination.

Privacy for All: Ensuring Fair and Equitable Privacy Protections

Michael Ekstrand and Hoda Mehrpouyan ask “Is privacy fair?”. They start by discussing definitions of privacy, including:

• Seclusion
• Limitation
• Non-intrusion
• Control
• Contextual integrity

Ekstrand argues that the tools we use to assess fairness of decision-making systems can be used to analyze privacy in systems. He raises three questions:

1. Are technical or non-technical privacy protection schemes fair?
2. When and how do privacy protection technologies or policies improve or impede the fairness of the systems they affect?
3. When and how do technologies or policies aimed at improving fairness enhance or reduce the privacy protections of the people involved?

They mention an example where Muslim taxi drivers are outed in anonymized NYC TLC data, and where James Comey’s personal Twitter account was discovered using public data. They discuss the cost of guarantees of privacy for certain schemes and definitions of privacy, and how that affects “fairness” for different definitons of fairness.

Relevant work:

• Fairness Through Awareness
• Fairer machine learning in the real world: Mitigating discrimination without collecting sensitive data

Session 2: Interpretability and Explainability

“Meaningful Information” and the Right to Explanation

Andrew Selbst starts his talk asking why explainability is important, saying “what is inexplicable is unaccountable”. In his eyes, explainability brings a chain of decision-making that leads to accountability. He then explains some aspects of GDPR and asks if it contains an implicit “right to explanation” in some of its provisions. He cites current legal arguments that discuss whether or not such a right exists:

• Meaningful information and the right to explanation
• The Right Not to Be Subject to Automated Decisions Based on Profiling
• Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation

Notably, Selbst says that deep learning isn’t actually at risk of being banned, in particular becuase such a requirement is against completely automated systems, implying that deep learning systems are fine to use as long as they are just one factor in a larger explainable system with a human in the loop.

Interpretable Active Learning (code)

Richard Philips gives a talk on using LIME for active learning. By applying LIME to assess which features cause certainty in model classifications during active learning, their method can be used across populations to show if models are biased for or against certain subgroups.

Interventions over Predictions: Reframing the Ethical Debate for Actuarial Risk Assessment

Chelsea Barbaras argues that the debate around pre-trial risk assessment tools is shaped by old assumptions about the role risk assessment plays in these trials. Old risk-based systems considered factors that were drawn from social theories of criminal behavior at the time, that have since changed. They also focused on traits of the individual, which neglected to consider broader social factors in these cases. She also criticizes regression-based risk assessment in particular, due to the pitfalls of drawing conclusions from correlation vs. causation. She advocates for seeing risk not as a static thing to be predicted, but as a dynamic factor to be mitigated. She also discusses how we can use a causal framework of statistics and experiment design to ask better questions about risk assessment.

She also points to the recent work of Virginia Eubanks and Seth Prins:

• Can we avoid reductionism in risk reduction?
• An Investigation of the Causal Association between Changes in Social Relationships and Changes in Substance Use and Criminal Offending During the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Tutorials 1

Quantifying and Reducing Gender Stereotypes in Word Embeddings

• Code
• Notebook

Understanding the Context and Consequences of Pre-trial Detention

21 Fairness Definitions and Their Politics

Arving Narayanan gives a “survey of various definitions of fairness and the arguments behind them” which can act as “‘trolley problems’ for fairness in ML”.

• Doc

Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness
Rather than maximizing accruacy, the goal should be about “how to make algorithmic systems support human values”.

• Group fairness — do outcomes systematically differ between demographic groups (or other population groups)?
  • Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments
  • “What do different stakehilders want of the binary classifier?”
    • Decisionmaker: “Of those I’ve labeled high-risk, how many will recidivate?” — Predictive value AKA Precision — equalized under Predictive parity
    • Defendant: “Whats the probability I’ll be incorrectly classified high-risk?” — False postive rate — equalized under Error rate balance
    • Society [hiring vs. criminal justice]: “Is the selected set demographically balanced?” — Selection probability — equalized under Demographic parity
  • Different metrics matter to different stakeholders — no “right” metric.
• Individual fairness — “equal thresholds” — generally impossible to pick a single threshold for all groups that equalizes both FPR and FNR
• Utility: Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness
• Tradeoffs:
  • Between various measures of group fairness.
  • Between group fairness and individual fairness.
  • Between fairness and utility.

• Tension between disparate treatment and disparate impact — finding creative case-by-case workarounds doesn’t “scale” for algorithmic decision making.

• In training vs. classification: Does mitigating ML’s disparate impact require disparate treatment?
• Ineffectiveness of “blindness” — Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning
  • Bias is “just” a side effect of maximizing accuracy
  • ML is great a picking up on proxies in data.
• Unacknowledged affirmative action:
  • Measurement bias, historical prejudice
  • What is the problem to which fair machine learning is the solution?
• Demographic parity assumes no intrinsic differences:
  • An algorithm for removing sensitive information: application to race-independent recidivism prediction
• Individual fairness: “Similar individuals should be treated similarly” — Fairness Through Awareness
• Process fairness: The Case for Process Fairness in Learning: Feature Selection for Fair Decision Making
• Diversity: Diversity in Big Data: A Review
• Stereotype mirroring and exaggeration: Unequal Representation and Gender Stereotypes in Image Search Results for Occupations
  • To what extent should ML models reflect societal stereotypes? Default view in tech world is that stereotype mirroring is “unbiased” and “correct”.
• Dataset bias: Unbiased Look at Dataset Bias
• Representations — should they be debiased?
  • Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases
  • Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings
  • Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints

Tutorials 2

Auditing Black Box Models

• Code/Notebook
• Slides
• Auditing Black-box Models for Indirect Influence
• Certifying and removing disparate impact
• BlackBoxAuditing library

People Analytics and Employment Selection: Opportunities and Concerns

A Shared Lexicon for Research and Practice in Human-Centered Software Systems